The share of road transport was the highest in Luxembourg, at 84.2 % in 2021, followed by Czechia (76.6 %) and Poland (70.2 %). For example, the high share of Portugal is influenced by traffic passing through not only the EEZ close to the mainland but also through the EEZ around the Azores and Madeira islands. Therefore, the geographical position and the size of the EEZ of each country influence the results. It should be noted that these shares not only reflect the maritime freight transport occurring in the ports, but also the maritime traffic passing through the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) of the countries.

The lowest maritime freight transport shares were observed in Poland (9.5 %), Slovenia (11.4 %), Lithuania (14.2 %) and Romania (19.5 %), making maritime only the third or fourth most important mode of transport in these countries. The highest shares of maritime freight transport were observed in Portugal, with 98.1 %, followed by Cyprus (97.9 %), Greece (96.5 %) and Estonia (91.8 %). In 2021, maritime freight transport was predominant in all countries with maritime ports, with the exception of Belgium, Germany, Romania, Lithuania, Slovenia and Poland. Moreover, inland waterway freight transport is applicable for only 17 of the EU Member States and the EFTA country Switzerland. Cyprus and Malta have neither railways nor navigable inland waterways. Czechia, Luxembourg, Hungary, Austria, Slovakia and the EFTA country Switzerland are landlocked countries with no coastline. The modal split obviously depends on the availability of a given mode. As can be seen in Figure 2, the modal split at country level varies considerably. Rail transport was the most important mode of transport only in Lithuania, with a share of 52.8 % in 2021Įven though the modal split between the different modes of transport does not tend to change radically from year to year at EU level, changes are sometimes more noticeable at country level. Modal split of freight transport by country in 2021 This means that an increase in the share of one mode reflects drops in the shares of other modes but may not necessarily indicate drops in transport performance (tonne-kilometres) for other modes.

It should be kept in mind that the share of each mode of transport is calculated by dividing the tonne-kilometres performed by each mode by the tonne-kilometres performed by all five modes together. The share of air in freight transport performance lay at 0.2 % (15 billion tonne-km in 2021) during the whole period 2011-2021. A peak was observed in 2013, at 2.3 %, while the lowest level of 1.8 % for this period was reached in 2019 and remained at this level for three consecutive years (136 billion tonne-km in 2021).

The share of inland waterways in total freight transport performance was also relatively stable over the period 2011-2021. In 2021, the share increased by 0.2 pp to reach 5.4 % (410 billion tonne-km). A peak was observed in 2011, at 6.0 %, while a low point was reached in 2020, at 5.2 %. The share of rail in the freight transport performance was relatively stable over the period 2011-2021. Over the period 2011-2021, the share of road transport reached its lowest point in 2012, at 22.0 %. The share of road transport in the total EU freight transport performance reached a peak of 24.6 % (1 863 billion tonne-km) in 2021, after an increase of 0.6 pp compared with 2020. Figure 1: Modal split of freight transport, EU, 2011-2021

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